Sri Lanka’s prehistoric era dates back over 125,000 years, with archaeological evidence revealing the presence of early human settlements. Excavations in sites such as Balangoda and Fa Hien Cave have uncovered tools, pottery, and skeletal remains of the Balangoda Man, an ancient human species believed to have inhabited the island during the late Pleistocene period. These early settlers were skilled hunters and gatherers who used primitive stone tools and lived in caves and open-air settlements. Over time, their culture evolved, leading to early forms of agriculture and domestication of animals, laying the foundation for Sri Lanka’s later civilizations.

Sri Lanka's ancient history is dominated by the great civilizations of Anuradhapura and Polonnaruwa, which flourished for over a thousand years. Anuradhapura, the first great kingdom, was the center of Sri Lankan civilization for over a millennium. It was known for its sacred Buddhist sites, including the famous Sri Maha Bodhi tree, ancient stupas like Ruwanwelisaya and Jetavanaramaya, and an advanced irrigation system that supported agriculture.

After the decline of Anuradhapura due to South Indian invasions, Polonnaruwa emerged as the next capital. The Polonnaruwa period was marked by the rule of great kings such as Parakramabahu I, who expanded the kingdom, built massive reservoirs like Parakrama Samudra, and constructed magnificent structures like the Gal Vihara Buddha statues. These two ancient capitals laid the foundation for Sri Lanka’s cultural and architectural heritage, and their ruins remain some of the most visited historical sites today.

This era is divided into Portuguese, Dutch, and British colonial periods, spanning over 400 years of European rule.

Portuguese Period (1505 – 1658)

They arrived first and took coastal control. Introduced Catholicism, built forts like Colombo, and dominated the cinnamon trade.

Dutch Period (1658 – 1796)

Replaced the Portuguese, expanded coastal rule, brought Roman-Dutch law, and strengthened trade.

British Period (1796 – 1948)

Unified the island, built railways, plantations, and led Sri Lanka to independence in 1948.